Vasopressin, also known as Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), is a small peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. Its primary physiological role is the critical regulation of water balance and osmolality in the body by controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys. Additionally, it acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, influencing blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis.
Origin
The name is a compound of the Latin vas (vessel) and pressus (pressed), referring to its ability to increase blood pressure via vasoconstriction, and ‘antidiuretic,’ referring to its action against excessive urination. The hormone’s dual function is reflected in its dual nomenclature. Its discovery was central to understanding fluid and electrolyte balance.
Mechanism
Vasopressin exerts its antidiuretic effect by binding to V2 receptors on the collecting ducts of the renal tubules, triggering the insertion of aquaporin channels into the cell membranes. These channels allow water to be reabsorbed back into the circulation, concentrating the urine and conserving body water. Its pressor effect is mediated by binding to V1a receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, causing constriction and increasing systemic vascular resistance.
Dietary sodium and potassium levels directly modulate the hormones aldosterone and vasopressin, governing kidney function to control fluid balance and blood pressure.
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