Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is a therapeutic technique that involves the electrical or mechanical activation of the vagus nerve, the tenth cranial nerve and the primary component of the parasympathetic nervous system. This stimulation is used clinically to modulate autonomic nervous system balance, which is crucial for regulating heart rate, digestion, mood, and immune response. VNS is recognized for its ability to enhance the body’s innate ability to shift from a sympathetic “fight-or-flight” state to a parasympathetic “rest-and-digest” state.
Origin
The clinical application of VNS originated in the late 20th century as a treatment for refractory epilepsy and later for severe depression, using an implanted device. More recently, non-invasive VNS techniques, such as transcutaneous electrical stimulation or specific breathing exercises, have been adopted in the wellness space to improve general well-being and stress resilience.
Mechanism
Stimulation of the vagus nerve sends afferent signals to the brainstem and higher cortical centers, influencing neurotransmitter release and neuronal activity. Critically, VNS activates the “inflammatory reflex,” where efferent signals from the vagus nerve inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. This anti-inflammatory effect and the general promotion of parasympathetic tone are the primary mechanisms by which VNS contributes to improved hormonal balance and systemic homeostasis.
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