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TNF-alpha

Meaning

TNF-alpha, or Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, a small signaling protein primarily produced by macrophages and T-cells, that plays a central, albeit double-edged, role in systemic inflammation and immune response. While essential for host defense against pathogens and cancer, chronic, low-grade elevation of TNF-alpha is a key driver of ‘inflammaging,’ contributing to insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and the catabolic state associated with muscle wasting. Clinically, managing the activity of this cytokine is a target for mitigating chronic disease risk and supporting hormonal balance.