What is the Origin of Thyroid Peroxidase?

The term is descriptive, combining "Thyroid," referring to the gland, with "Peroxidase," denoting its enzymatic function of catalyzing oxidation reactions involving hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme's crucial role in hormone synthesis was firmly established in the mid-20th century through detailed biochemical studies of the thyroid gland's unique metabolic processes.

What is the Mechanism of Thyroid Peroxidase?

TPO is localized on the apical membrane of the thyroid follicular cells, where it utilizes hydrogen peroxide to rapidly oxidize trapped iodide ions to elemental iodine. This highly reactive iodine then covalently binds to tyrosine residues on the thyroglobulin protein, a process known as organification. Finally, TPO catalyzes the critical coupling of these iodinated tyrosines to form the biologically active T4 and T3 molecules, which are then stored in the follicular colloid before systemic release.

Thyroid Peroxidase

Meaning

Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) is a key enzyme, a hemoprotein, found specifically in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland, which is absolutely essential for the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. TPO catalyzes the critical steps of iodide oxidation, iodination of the thyroglobulin protein, and the final coupling of iodinated tyrosine residues to form the active hormones. Clinically, the presence of TPO antibodies in the blood is a primary and highly specific biomarker for autoimmune thyroid conditions, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

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