Thyroid Function T3 T4 refers to the clinical assessment of the synthesis, secretion, and peripheral metabolism of the two primary thyroid hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3), which are central regulators of basal metabolic rate and cellular energy expenditure. T4 is the prohormone, secreted in the largest quantity, while T3 is the biologically active form that binds to nuclear receptors to exert its physiological effects. Comprehensive evaluation of this function requires measuring free and total levels of both hormones, along with TSH, to understand the entire Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis.
Origin
This term is a cornerstone of clinical endocrinology, derived from the chemical nomenclature of the hormones, where T4 indicates four iodine atoms and T3 indicates three. The clinical concept is rooted in the HPT axis, a classic negative feedback loop where the pituitary-secreted TSH controls the thyroid gland’s output of T4 and T3. Assessing this function is paramount for diagnosing metabolic, energy, and hormonal imbalances.
Mechanism
The thyroid gland produces T4 and T3 in response to TSH stimulation. T4 is then converted into the much more potent T3 in peripheral tissues, such as the liver and kidney, by deiodinase enzymes. Once formed, T3 enters target cells and binds to nuclear receptors, modulating the transcription of genes that regulate energy metabolism, thermogenesis, and protein synthesis. A disruption in any part of this complex cascade, from TSH secretion to peripheral T4-to-T3 conversion, can profoundly impact systemic health and vitality.
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