Thermogenesis regulation is the complex physiological process by which the body controls its internal heat production, a process that is a fundamental component of the basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure. This regulation involves both shivering and non-shivering mechanisms, with non-shivering thermogenesis primarily occurring in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, directly influenced by hormonal signals. Thyroid hormones are the primary endocrine regulators, setting the overall intensity of heat generation, which is closely linked to metabolic efficiency and body weight homeostasis. Efficient regulation is a hallmark of a healthy, adaptive metabolism.
Origin
The study of thermogenesis has roots in basic physics and physiology, dating back to the measurement of caloric expenditure and basal metabolism. The term “regulation” emphasizes the precise, homeostatic control exerted by the central nervous system and the endocrine system. The modern focus on brown fat activation has revitalized research into this metabolic pathway.
Mechanism
Thyroid hormones increase the transcription of genes for uncoupling proteins (UCPs), particularly UCP1 in brown adipose tissue, which uncouples the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis. This allows the energy from fuel oxidation to be dissipated directly as heat, rather than being captured as chemical energy. Sympathetic nervous system activation, via norepinephrine, also plays a significant role in acute thermogenesis, stimulating the release of thyroid hormones and activating UCPs.
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