Thermal regulation, or thermoregulation, is the critical homeostatic process by which the body maintains its core internal temperature within a narrow, optimal physiological range, despite variations in external environmental temperature. This complex process is orchestrated by the hypothalamus, which acts as the body’s central thermostat, integrating signals from both central and peripheral thermoreceptors. Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during menopause, can disrupt this process, leading to symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats.
Origin
The term combines “thermal,” referring to heat, and “regulation,” indicating the control or maintenance of a steady state. This physiological function is a fundamental characteristic of endotherms, evolving to ensure optimal enzyme activity and cellular function. The recognition of the hypothalamus’s role established the neurological basis of this vital homeostatic control.
Mechanism
When the core temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers heat-dissipating mechanisms, primarily peripheral vasodilation to increase blood flow to the skin and activate the sweat glands for evaporative cooling. Conversely, when the temperature drops, it initiates heat-generating and conserving mechanisms, such as shivering and peripheral vasoconstriction. Hormones, including thyroid hormone which controls basal metabolic rate, and sex steroids which influence the hypothalamic set-point, are powerful modulators of this finely tuned physiological system.
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