The Three Bio-Switches is a conceptual framework in longevity and hormonal health that identifies three core intracellular signaling pathways—mTOR, AMPK, and Sirtuins—as master regulators of cellular metabolism, repair, and survival. These switches dictate whether the cell is in an anabolic, growth-promoting state (mTOR active) or a catabolic, repair-focused state (AMPK and Sirtuins active). Clinical strategies aim to selectively modulate these switches to promote healthspan.
Origin
This term is a conceptual synthesis derived from decades of molecular biology research into aging and metabolism, integrating the roles of key nutrient and energy sensors. The concept of “switches” simplifies the complex, interdependent nature of these pathways for clinical application and patient education.
Mechanism
The mechanism centers on their sensitivity to the cell’s energy and nutrient status. mTOR (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) promotes growth in nutrient-rich conditions. AMPK (AMP-activated Protein Kinase) is activated during low-energy states to promote energy production and autophagy. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylases that respond to energy stress and promote DNA repair and stress resistance. Strategic intervention seeks to maintain a dynamic, healthy balance between these three regulatory nodes.
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