Question 1

What is the Meaning of TGA?

Accepted Answer

Transposition of the Great Arteries, or TGA, is a severe congenital heart defect where the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed. The aorta originates from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle, fundamentally altering normal circulatory pathways from birth.

Question 2

What is the Context of TGA?

Accepted Answer

This anatomical anomaly develops during fetal cardiogenesis. In TGA, the systemic and pulmonary circulations become separate, parallel circuits instead of a unified, sequential flow. This arrangement severely compromises oxygen delivery to the body, as deoxygenated blood continuously circulates systemically.

Question 3

What is the Significance of TGA?

Accepted Answer

TGA represents a life-threatening condition for newborns, demanding immediate clinical recognition. Without prompt medical management, the infant experiences severe cyanosis, metabolic acidosis, and organ damage. Timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment are paramount for ensuring neonatal survival and optimizing long-term health.

Question 4

What is the Mechanism of TGA?

Accepted Answer

The reversal of the great arteries creates two independent circulatory loops. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the body via the aorta, never reaching the lungs for oxygenation. Simultaneously, the left ventricle circulates oxygenated blood exclusively between the lungs and the left heart. Survival post-birth depends on mixing of these circulations, often through a patent foramen ovale or ductus arteriosus.

Question 5

What is the Application of TGA?

Accepted Answer

Clinical management of TGA involves immediate postnatal stabilization, often with prostaglandin infusion to maintain ductal patency. Definitive treatment almost invariably requires surgical correction, most commonly the arterial switch operation, performed within the first weeks of life. Post-surgical care includes close monitoring and lifelong follow-up with a pediatric cardiologist.

Question 6

What is the Metric of TGA?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosis of TGA often occurs prenatally via fetal echocardiography or postnatally through physical examination revealing cyanosis and specific heart murmurs. Confirmatory diagnosis relies on transthoracic echocardiography, visualizing the abnormal great artery connections. Pulse oximetry objectively measures oxygen saturation, indicating hypoxemia severity. Electrocardiograms and chest X-rays provide supportive cardiac information.

Question 7

What is the Risk of TGA?

Accepted Answer

Uncorrected TGA carries an extremely high neonatal mortality rate due to severe hypoxemia. Even with surgical intervention, risks include complications inherent to major cardiac surgery. Long-term risks for individuals post-repair may involve ventricular dysfunction, neo-aortic root dilation, and coronary artery issues, necessitating ongoing medical surveillance and potential re-interventions.

TGA

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

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