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Tend-and-Befriend Model

Meaning

The Tend-and-Befriend Model describes a distinct behavioral and corresponding physiological response to stress, primarily theorized to be more prevalent in females, contrasting with the classic male-centric “fight-or-flight” paradigm. This coping mechanism is characterized by engaging in nurturing activities to protect offspring (“tend”) and seeking out social affiliation and resource exchange (“befriend”). This model is intrinsically linked to the neuroendocrine system, specifically the modulation of the stress response by oxytocin, which promotes affiliative behaviors and reduces the acute sympathetic activation typically seen with cortisol and catecholamine release. It highlights a sex-specific hormonal adaptation to perceived threat.