A telomere is a distinct region of highly repetitive non-coding DNA sequences and associated proteins found at the very ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, functioning as a critical protective cap. The primary biological role of the telomere is to safeguard the underlying genetic material from degradation, unnecessary repair, or fusion with neighboring chromosomes during the process of cellular replication. Telomere length is widely recognized in longevity research as a robust biomarker of cellular aging and overall biological health, as they progressively shorten with age and in response to persistent oxidative stress.
Origin
The term is a compound word derived from two Greek roots, telos meaning “end,” and meros meaning “part.” This etymology provides a precise anatomical description of its location as the essential end-part of the chromosome structure.
Mechanism
The mechanism of telomere maintenance is complex and is principally regulated by the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase, which is capable of adding back the repetitive TTAGGG sequences to the chromosome ends, thereby counteracting the natural shortening that occurs with each cell division. Hormonal status, particularly the balanced activity of growth hormone, insulin, and sex steroids, has been shown to influence telomerase activity and the rate of telomere attrition, linking the endocrine system directly to the pace of cellular senescence.
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