The fundamental physiological process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body despite continuous changes in external conditions. This dynamic equilibrium involves a complex network of feedback loops, primarily governed by the endocrine and nervous systems, to keep critical biological parameters within a narrow, life-sustaining range. Homeostasis is the foundation of health and survival.
Origin
Coined by physiologist Walter Cannon, the term is a cornerstone of modern biology and medicine, derived from the Greek words homoios meaning “similar” and stasis meaning “standing still.” It describes the essential, continuous regulatory process of all living systems. This principle is universally applicable across all physiological domains.
Mechanism
Homeostasis operates through negative feedback loops where a deviation from a set point, such as a drop in blood glucose or a rise in core temperature, triggers a compensatory endocrine or neural response to return the parameter to its normal range. Hormones like insulin and glucagon, or thyroid hormones, are key effectors in maintaining metabolic, thermal, and fluid balance throughout the entire system. This mechanism ensures stability through active counter-regulation.
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