What is the Meaning of Sympathetic Nervous System?

The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is one of the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system, primarily responsible for mobilizing the body's resources in response to perceived stress or danger, often summarized as the "fight-or-flight" response. This system initiates rapid, widespread physiological changes, including increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and diversion of blood flow to skeletal muscles. Chronic activation of the SNS due to persistent stress can lead to dysregulation of the HPA axis and long-term hormonal imbalances.

What is the Origin of Sympathetic Nervous System?

The term is derived from the Greek sympatheia, meaning "fellow feeling" or "affinity," reflecting the interconnected, coordinated action of its various parts throughout the body. It was anatomically defined as the network of nerves running parallel to the spinal cord that prepares the organism for immediate, high-energy action. Its counterpart is the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes "rest and digest" functions.

What is the Mechanism of Sympathetic Nervous System?

Activation of the SNS begins with the release of preganglionic neurotransmitters, primarily acetylcholine, which stimulates postganglionic neurons to release norepinephrine onto target organs. Additionally, the SNS directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream, amplifying the systemic response. This rapid, neuroendocrine cascade increases metabolic rate and enhances sensory perception, preparing the organism to cope with an immediate threat.

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