Sympathetic dominance markers are a set of quantifiable physiological and biochemical indicators that collectively signal a sustained state of hyperarousal and chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This dominance reflects a persistent “fight-or-flight” state, indicating an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that compromises the body’s ability to rest and repair. Key markers include a low heart rate variability (HRV), an elevated resting heart rate, and an altered catecholamine-to-cortisol ratio. Clinically, these markers are crucial for diagnosing allostatic overload and stress-related hormonal dysregulation.
Origin
This term is rooted in autonomic nervous system research and clinical psychophysiology, combining “sympathetic dominance,” the state where the SNS overpowers the parasympathetic system, with “markers,” the measurable biological indicators. The clinical relevance of this imbalance gained significant attention with the widespread adoption of HRV analysis in the late 20th century. It is a core concept in understanding the physiological toll of chronic stress.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves chronic input from higher brain centers, such as the amygdala, signaling persistent threat, leading to sustained activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. This persistent signaling results in the continuous release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, maintaining elevated heart rate and blood pressure while suppressing vagal tone. The measurable markers are the direct physiological consequence of this chronic neurotransmitter and hormone release, reflecting a systemic state of high alert and reduced recovery capacity.
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