The dynamic physiological process by which the body selectively breaks down and uses various macronutrients—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—as fuel sources to generate cellular energy (ATP) in response to current metabolic demands and hormonal signals. The efficiency and flexibility of this process, known as metabolic flexibility, are critical indicators of overall metabolic health and hormonal responsiveness. Optimal utilization prevents the accumulation of excess energy stores.
Origin
This term is fundamental to exercise physiology and nutritional biochemistry, combining substrate (the material acted upon by an enzyme) with utilization (the act of making practical use of something). It describes the core function of metabolism in converting fuel into work. The concept is central to understanding insulin sensitivity and energy balance.
Mechanism
Hormones like insulin and glucagon dictate the preference for substrate. High insulin levels promote glucose utilization and storage (fat and glycogen), while low insulin and high glucagon favor fat oxidation. During exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine mobilize stored fat for energy. Metabolic flexibility ensures a smooth and efficient transition between using glucose and fatty acids as primary fuel sources, a process largely governed by mitochondrial capacity.
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