The measurable differences in concentration of steroid hormones—such as testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol—across various physiological compartments, including plasma, saliva, intracellular fluid, and specific target tissues. These gradients are crucial indicators of tissue-level hormone availability and the efficiency of transport and metabolism. Clinically, understanding these concentration differences is vital for accurately assessing the biological impact of hormone therapy, especially when using transdermal or sublingual administration routes.
Origin
The concept is a core element of transport physiology and endocrinology, recognizing that hormone action is not solely dependent on circulating blood levels but also on local concentration and tissue uptake. The term “gradients” emphasizes the directional flow and differential distribution of these lipid-soluble signaling molecules across cell membranes. It informs the rationale for choosing specific delivery methods in personalized hormone replacement.
Mechanism
Steroid hormones, being lipophilic, move across cell membranes via passive diffusion and specific transporter proteins, establishing concentration gradients between the circulation and the intracellular compartment. Enzymes like 5-alpha reductase or aromatase create local gradients by metabolizing the parent hormone within target tissues. The gradient drives the free, biologically active hormone to its intracellular or nuclear receptors, where it modulates gene transcription and protein synthesis, thereby executing its physiological effect.
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