The recurring, predictable sequence of distinct physiological stages that the brain and body cycle through during a period of sleep, typically lasting about 90 minutes each. These cycles alternate between Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, which has three stages of progressively deeper rest, and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, characterized by dreaming and high brain activity. Optimal hormonal balance and cognitive restoration depend on completing sufficient, uninterrupted sleep cycles.
Origin
The scientific understanding of sleep cycles began with the advent of electroencephalography (EEG), which allowed researchers to objectively measure and classify the distinct brainwave patterns of sleep stages. The term ‘cycle’ refers to the rhythmic, oscillating nature of this physiological process. This understanding is foundational to sleep medicine and chronobiology.
Mechanism
The transition between NREM and REM is tightly regulated by a complex interplay of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, acting on brainstem nuclei. NREM sleep is essential for physical repair and growth hormone release, while REM sleep is critical for memory consolidation and emotional regulation. Disruption of these cycles can impair metabolic and endocrine function, affecting overall health.
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