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Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology

Meaning

Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology describes the underlying functional and structural derangements that lead to recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse and cessation of breathing during sleep. The condition, primarily Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), is characterized by repetitive pharyngeal obstruction, resulting in intermittent hypoxia, hypercapnia, and fragmented sleep architecture. These physiological stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system and induce chronic inflammation, which significantly impacts metabolic and hormonal health. Understanding this complex pathophysiology is essential for effective clinical management and mitigating long-term cardiovascular and endocrine risks.