SIADH ∞ Area

SIADH

Meaning

SIADH, the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion, describes excessive ADH release. This leads to impaired renal water excretion and dilutional hyponatremia; the body retains too much water relative to sodium, disrupting fluid balance.

Context

This syndrome operates within the neuroendocrine system, involving the posterior pituitary gland’s ADH regulation of water balance. Normally, ADH release is tightly controlled by plasma osmolality. In SIADH, this homeostatic control is disrupted, causing inappropriate ADH secretion, disturbing fluid dynamics.

Significance

SIADH is clinically significant due to its frequent hyponatremia, a potentially dangerous electrolyte disturbance. Accurate diagnosis and management are crucial, as severe hyponatremia can result in cerebral edema, seizures, and coma if not addressed, impacting patient well-being.

Mechanism

The core mechanism involves sustained, non-physiologic ADH release despite plasma hypo-osmolality and euvolemia. This action increases water permeability in renal collecting ducts, promoting water reabsorption. Kidneys excrete concentrated urine, diluting plasma and causing hyponatremia. Various etiologies, including malignancies, CNS disorders, pulmonary conditions, and medications, trigger this dysregulation.

Application

Clinically, SIADH diagnosis requires hyponatremia with low plasma osmolality, concentrated urine, and euvolemia. Management prioritizes sodium balance, via strict fluid restriction. Vasopressin receptor antagonists may be used. Addressing the underlying cause remains a therapeutic objective.

Metric

The primary metric for SIADH assessment is serum sodium, which will be low. Other measurements include low plasma osmolality, high urine osmolality, and elevated urine sodium. Fluid status confirms euvolemia, differentiating SIADH from other hyponatremia causes.

Risk

The most significant risks of SIADH stem from hyponatremia. Acute, severe hyponatremia can cause rapid cerebral edema, leading to neurological symptoms like confusion, seizures, or respiratory arrest. Conversely, rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia carries the risk of osmotic demyelination syndrome, a severe neurological injury. Careful, gradual management mitigates complications.

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What Specific Hormones Regulate Water and Sodium Balance in the Body?

The body's fluid balance is precisely managed by aldosterone and ADH, which regulate sodium and water retention to maintain cellular health.

∞ Mineralocorticoid
∞ Water Retention
∞ Fluid Balance

HRTioJuly 26, 2025

SIADH

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

What Specific Hormones Regulate Water and Sodium Balance in the Body?

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