Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) are organic acids, primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate, that are produced in the colon by the bacterial fermentation of undigested dietary fibers, such as resistant starch and prebiotics. These metabolites are crucial signaling molecules that profoundly influence gut health, immune function, and host energy metabolism. They represent a direct link between the gut microbiome and systemic hormonal balance. SCFAs are vital microbial metabolites.
Origin
The term is descriptive of their simple chemical structure, consisting of a short carbon chain. Their clinical significance emerged with the growing recognition of the gut microbiome’s role as a metabolic and endocrine organ. This concept has revolutionized the understanding of dietary fiber’s benefits.
Mechanism
SCFAs are rapidly absorbed and serve as an energy source for colonocytes, promoting gut barrier integrity. Butyrate, in particular, is a key energy source for the colon and acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, influencing gene expression. SCFAs also signal through G-protein coupled receptors on enteroendocrine cells, stimulating the release of gut hormones like GLP-1 and PYY, which regulate satiety and insulin secretion.
Fasting-induced gut dysbiosis can disrupt hormonal balance by altering microbial metabolites, leading to systemic inflammation and endocrine dysfunction.
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