Schwann Cells are the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that play a vital role in supporting and insulating peripheral nerve axons, primarily by forming the myelin sheath. This fatty, protective layer is essential for the rapid and efficient conduction of electrical impulses along the nerve fibers, which are critical for both motor and sensory function. Their health and function are closely linked to systemic metabolic and hormonal status, as demyelination can lead to peripheral neuropathies.
Origin
These cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann, one of the founders of the cell theory, who first described them in the 19th century. Their etymological origin is purely historical, recognizing the scientist who identified their unique role in nerve sheathing. Understanding their function is fundamental to the study of nerve regeneration and peripheral nervous system disorders.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism of Schwann cells is the wrapping of their plasma membrane concentrically around the axon, creating the multilayered myelin sheath that acts as an electrical insulator. This insulation allows for saltatory conduction, where the action potential jumps between the nodes of Ranvier, dramatically increasing nerve impulse velocity. Furthermore, Schwann cells secrete neurotrophic factors and clear cellular debris, actively participating in nerve repair and regeneration following injury, a process that can be influenced by hormones like testosterone and growth factors.
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