Redox signaling is the complex biological process involving the communication pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which function as crucial secondary messengers in cellular regulation rather than merely as damaging byproducts. This signaling system is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis, regulating gene expression, and coordinating responses to stress, immunity, and growth factors. A disruption in the balance between oxidative species and antioxidant capacity, known as oxidative stress, can significantly impair hormonal receptor function and overall cellular health.
Origin
The term is a contraction of reduction and oxidation, the fundamental chemical reactions involving electron transfer. The concept evolved from viewing ROS solely as harmful agents to recognizing their essential, tightly controlled signaling roles in cell biology.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves transient, localized changes in the concentration of specific ROS/RNS, such as hydrogen peroxide or nitric oxide, which reversibly modify target proteins, often through the oxidation of cysteine residues. These modifications alter the protein’s activity or interaction with other molecules, propagating a signal cascade that influences downstream cellular events. The balance between production and enzymatic scavenging of these species determines the overall cellular redox tone.
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