The specific biochemical process where a molecule, known as an agonist, binds to a cellular receptor and initiates a maximal or near-maximal biological response, effectively mimicking the action of the body’s natural endogenous ligand, such as a hormone. This action is crucial for therapeutic agents designed to activate a hormonal pathway that is deficient or underperforming. Understanding agonism is fundamental to designing effective hormone-mimicking medications.
Origin
The term is derived from ‘receptor,’ the cellular binding site, and ‘agonism,’ from the Greek agonistes meaning “contender” or “competitor.” In pharmacology, it refers to the ability of a substance to compete for a receptor site and fully activate it. The concept of receptor theory is a foundational principle in modern endocrinology and pharmacology.
Mechanism
Receptor agonism operates by the agonist molecule fitting precisely into the receptor’s binding pocket, inducing a conformational change in the receptor structure. This structural change then activates the receptor’s intracellular signaling domain, triggering the downstream cascade of secondary messengers or gene transcription changes that constitute the full biological effect. A full agonist achieves the maximum possible cellular response.
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