What is the Meaning of Prolactin?

Prolactin is a single-chain peptide hormone secreted primarily by the lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, known fundamentally for its role in stimulating and maintaining lactation in females following parturition. Beyond its reproductive function, Prolactin is a pleiotropic hormone influencing immune function, metabolism, and behavior in both sexes. Pathologically elevated levels, known as hyperprolactinemia, can profoundly disrupt the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis, leading to hypogonadism and infertility.

What is the Origin of Prolactin?

Prolactin was first identified in the early 20th century for its mammary gland-stimulating effects in various animal models, with its structure and diverse human functions being further elucidated throughout the century. The name itself is derived directly from its primary pro-lactation function.

What is the Mechanism of Prolactin?

Prolactin acts by binding to the prolactin receptor (PRLR), a single-transmembrane domain receptor that initiates intracellular signaling primarily through the JAK-STAT pathway to transmit its message into the cell nucleus. In the mammary gland, this signaling promotes the transcription of milk protein genes. Its inhibitory effect on the HPG axis occurs via the hypothalamus, where high prolactin suppresses the pulsatile release of GnRH, thereby decreasing the secretion of LH and FSH.

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Prolactin

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