A pro-inflammatory state, or chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, is a persistent, non-resolving elevation of inflammatory mediators throughout the body that does not meet the criteria for acute infection or injury. This subtle, smoldering state is characterized by elevated circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and various cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α). Clinically, this chronic condition is recognized as a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of numerous age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Origin
The term is derived from the combination of the prefix “pro-,” meaning favoring or supporting, with “inflammatory state,” referring to the condition of inflammation. The concept arose from the realization that inflammation is not exclusively an acute response to injury but can persist chronically as a systemic imbalance. This framework is central to the modern understanding of immunometabolism and chronic disease.
Mechanism
This state is perpetuated by various chronic stressors, including visceral adiposity, poor diet, and chronic psychological stress, which activate immune cells and non-immune cells like adipocytes and endothelial cells. These cells release a continuous stream of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to persistent activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, such as NF-$kappa$B. This sustained molecular signaling disrupts normal cellular function, promotes oxidative stress, and contributes to insulin resistance and tissue damage over time.
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