Question 1

What is the Meaning of Polypeptide Hormones?

Accepted Answer

Polypeptide hormones are biological messengers composed of amino acid chains, varying in length. Synthesized within endocrine cells, these vital molecules release into the bloodstream, traveling to specific target cells. Their hydrophilic nature prevents direct cell membrane passage, necessitating interaction with cell surface receptors for signal transmission. Insulin and growth hormone exemplify this class.

Question 2

What is the Context of Polypeptide Hormones?

Accepted Answer

These hormones are integral to the endocrine system, orchestrating diverse physiological processes crucial for bodily balance. They regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress responses. Secreted by glands like the pancreas and pituitary, polypeptide hormones influence distant target organs, coordinating systemic activities. Precise control ensures proper cellular communication.

Question 3

What is the Significance of Polypeptide Hormones?

Accepted Answer

Understanding polypeptide hormones is clinically paramount for diagnosing and managing endocrine disorders. Imbalances in their production or action lead to conditions like diabetes mellitus from insulin issues or growth abnormalities from altered growth hormone. Monitoring circulating levels provides diagnostic insights, guides interventions, impacting patient outcomes.

Question 4

What is the Mechanism of Polypeptide Hormones?

Accepted Answer

Polypeptide hormones exert effects by binding to specific receptor proteins on target cell membranes. This binding initiates intracellular signaling pathways, often involving second messengers. These signals then alter cellular metabolism, enzyme activity, or gene expression, leading to a specific physiological response. This indirect mechanism ensures signal amplification and precise control.

Question 5

What is the Application of Polypeptide Hormones?

Accepted Answer

In clinical practice, synthetic polypeptide hormones are administered as therapeutic agents for deficiencies or impairments. Exogenous insulin treats diabetes; somatropin addresses growth hormone deficiency. Measurement of polypeptide hormone levels in blood samples serves as a diagnostic tool for endocrine conditions. Their concentration helps clinicians assess glandular function and monitor treatment efficacy.

Question 6

What is the Metric of Polypeptide Hormones?

Accepted Answer

Assessment of polypeptide hormone levels primarily uses specific laboratory assays on blood serum or plasma. Common methodologies include ELISA and RIA, precisely quantifying hormone concentrations. Dynamic testing, like stimulation or suppression tests, evaluates endocrine gland functional capacity. These objective measurements provide a comprehensive hormonal picture.

Question 7

What is the Risk of Polypeptide Hormones?

Accepted Answer

Improper administration or dysregulation of polypeptide hormones carries inherent clinical risks. Incorrect insulin dosing can lead to severe hypoglycemia. Over-replacement of growth hormone may result in undesirable effects like acromegaly. Potential adverse reactions include immune responses, such as antibody formation, or disruptions to natural feedback loops. Medical supervision is essential.

Polypeptide Hormones

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

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