What is the Origin of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

PCOS was first clinically described in 1935 by physicians Stein and Leventhal, who observed the characteristic enlarged, cystic ovaries in women presenting with amenorrhea and hirsutism. The term "polycystic" refers to the presence of multiple small follicles, or cysts, on the ovaries. Modern diagnostic criteria, such as the Rotterdam criteria, have expanded the definition to recognize the syndrome's metabolic and systemic endocrine components beyond the ovarian morphology.

What is the Mechanism of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

The underlying mechanism of PCOS is thought to involve a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, leading to a core defect in insulin signaling and subsequent hyperinsulinemia. This excessive insulin acts synergistically with Luteinizing Hormone (LH) to stimulate the ovarian theca cells to overproduce androgens. The elevated androgen levels disrupt follicular development, preventing proper ovulation and resulting in anovulation and the formation of multiple small ovarian cysts. This cycle perpetuates the hormonal and metabolic dysfunction.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Meaning

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common, complex endocrine disorder primarily affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by a triad of symptoms including hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones), ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. It is fundamentally a metabolic and hormonal imbalance that extends beyond the ovaries, often involving insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. PCOS is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility and is associated with an increased long-term risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective clinical management and mitigating sequelae.