Physiological Signaling Molecules are the diverse array of chemical messengers, including hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors, that transmit information between cells, tissues, and organs to coordinate systemic function. These molecules are essential for regulating virtually every aspect of human physiology, from metabolism and mood to reproduction and immune response. Their precise synthesis, secretion, transport, and reception are critical for maintaining the dynamic equilibrium known as homeostasis. Disruptions in these signaling pathways are often the root cause of endocrine and metabolic diseases.
Origin
This term is a broad descriptor from molecular biology and physiology, combining “physiological,” relating to the normal function of an organism, with “signaling molecules,” the chemical agents of communication. The field of endocrinology is fundamentally built upon the study of these molecules, particularly hormones, which act as long-distance messengers. The concept underscores the body’s intricate, cell-to-cell communication network.
Mechanism
The mechanism of action involves the molecule binding to a specific, high-affinity receptor, which can be located on the cell surface or inside the cell. This binding event initiates a cascade of intracellular events, known as signal transduction, that ultimately results in a change in cellular function, such as gene expression or enzyme activation. The diversity in chemical structure allows for highly specific signaling, ensuring that each molecule elicits the correct response in its target tissue.
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