What is the Origin of Physiological Signal Transduction?

The term is a core concept in cell biology and endocrinology, where 'physiological signal' refers to a biologically relevant message. 'Transduction' is derived from Latin 'transducere' (to lead across), perfectly describing the conversion of an external signal into an internal cellular action. Research into this mechanism has illuminated how defects in signaling, such as insulin resistance, underpin many chronic diseases of aging.

What is the Mechanism of Physiological Signal Transduction?

The mechanism begins with the binding of a signaling molecule (ligand) to a specific cell-surface or intracellular receptor, which causes a conformational change in the receptor. This change initiates an intracellular cascade, often involving G-proteins or tyrosine kinases, leading to the activation of second messengers like cyclic AMP or calcium ions. The final step is the activation or repression of specific transcription factors, ultimately altering gene expression and eliciting the physiological response, such as glucose uptake or hormone synthesis.

Physiological Signal Transduction ∞ Area

Physiological Signal Transduction

Meaning

Physiological signal transduction is the intricate process by which an extracellular stimulus—such as a hormone, neurotransmitter, or nutrient—is converted into a specific, measurable cellular response inside the target cell. This is the fundamental language of the body, involving a cascade of molecular events, including receptor binding, phosphorylation, and activation of secondary messengers. Maintaining the fidelity and efficiency of this process is paramount for proper hormonal regulation and metabolic control.