Physiological Arousal refers to the state of heightened responsiveness of the central and autonomic nervous systems, characterized by a constellation of measurable bodily changes in response to a stimulus, such as stress, novelty, or sexual excitement. This state involves increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, heightened muscle tension, and altered endocrine secretion, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis. It is a fundamental biological state necessary for adaptation, performance, and survival, directly influencing hormonal release, particularly catecholamines and cortisol.
Origin
The term combines physiological (relating to the normal function of the body) and arousal (a state of being awake or stimulated). This concept is central to psychophysiology and neuroendocrinology, recognizing the body’s generalized activation state. The level of arousal is a critical factor in performance, attention, and the initiation of fight-or-flight responses.
Mechanism
Upon perception of a relevant stimulus, the brain activates the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The sympathetic nervous system rapidly releases norepinephrine, and the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine, leading to immediate cardiovascular and respiratory changes. Concurrently, the HPA axis releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which culminates in the secretion of cortisol, mobilizing energy stores and modulating immune function for sustained alertness.
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