Photobiomodulation, often referred to clinically as low-level light therapy (LLLT) or cold laser therapy, is a non-invasive therapeutic technique that utilizes non-ionizing light sources, such as specific lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs), in the red or near-infrared spectrum to stimulate cellular function. This non-thermal process involves the light energy being absorbed by specific chromophores within the cell, leading to a cascade of beneficial physiological effects. It is used clinically to promote tissue repair, reduce inflammation, and alleviate various forms of chronic pain.
Origin
The concept originated in the late 1960s with the unexpected laboratory discovery that low-power laser light could significantly accelerate hair growth and wound healing in animal models. The field subsequently evolved as researchers precisely identified the specific wavelengths and energy densities required to elicit a therapeutic response without causing thermal damage. The term “Photobiomodulation” was formally adopted to accurately describe the mechanism of light energy modulating fundamental biological processes at the cellular level.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism involves the targeted absorption of photons by cytochrome c oxidase, a critical enzyme located within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This absorption enhances mitochondrial respiration, leading to a measurable increase in ATP production, which is the cell’s main energy source. The resulting increase in cellular energy and reduced oxidative stress supports cellular repair, accelerates tissue regeneration, and modulates inflammatory and pain pathways, offering a non-pharmacological approach to supporting systemic health and recovery.
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