The clinical application of pharmaceutical agents or compounds to prevent or slow the degeneration of neurons and the loss of neural function in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This strategy focuses on intervening in the pathological cascade that leads to neuronal injury, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, or chronic inflammation. The goal is to preserve existing neural tissue and functional connectivity.
Origin
The term originates from clinical pharmacology and neurobiology, driven by the need for therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative diseases where current treatments often only manage symptoms. It is a proactive approach, emphasizing the use of drugs to shield neurons from damage. The field is rapidly evolving, often intersecting with endocrinology as hormonal mimetics or modulators are explored for their protective capabilities.
Mechanism
Pharmacological neuroprotection is achieved through diverse mechanisms, including the use of antioxidants to neutralize reactive oxygen species, calcium channel blockers to mitigate excitotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory agents to suppress microglial over-activation. In the hormonal context, certain compounds may act as selective modulators of neurosteroid receptors, mimicking the natural neuroprotective effects of hormones like progesterone or estrogen to enhance mitochondrial stability and promote synaptic survival.
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