Peptides Molecular Signaling refers to the vast, complex network of cellular communication mediated by short chains of amino acids, known as peptides, which act as highly specific regulatory molecules. Unlike classical hormones, peptides often exhibit paracrine or autocrine effects, acting locally on adjacent cells or the cell that secreted them, in addition to systemic endocrine functions. This signaling is critical for modulating a wide array of processes, including inflammation, appetite, tissue repair, and neuroprotection. The precise action of these peptides is central to regenerative and longevity medicine.
Origin
This term is derived from the convergence of biochemistry, which defines peptides, and cell biology, which studies molecular signaling pathways. The recognition of peptides as a distinct and powerful class of signaling molecules, separate from steroid or amine hormones, has expanded the scope of endocrinology. Research into these molecules has exploded due to their therapeutic potential in targeted health interventions.
Mechanism
Peptides typically bind to specific, high-affinity receptors located on the cell surface, initiating an intracellular signaling cascade without entering the cell itself. These receptors often belong to the G-protein coupled receptor or receptor tyrosine kinase families. The activated cascade leads to the phosphorylation of various intracellular proteins, ultimately modulating gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell membrane transport. The specificity of the peptide sequence dictates its unique functional outcome in the target tissue.
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