Peptide Delivery Systems encompass the various pharmaceutical formulations and technologies designed to transport therapeutic peptide molecules across biological barriers to their intended site of action within the body. Due to their large size and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, peptides face challenges with oral bioavailability, necessitating alternative delivery routes. These systems, which include subcutaneous injections, transdermal patches, nasal sprays, and specialized oral formulations, are crucial for ensuring the stability, absorption, and effective therapeutic concentration of the peptide. Optimizing the delivery system is a key factor in determining the clinical success of a peptide therapy.
Origin
The term arose from pharmaceutical science and medicinal chemistry in the late 20th century as peptide therapeutics gained prominence but presented significant challenges for non-injectable administration. The focus shifted from merely synthesizing the peptide to engineering the delivery vehicle to overcome physiological obstacles. The development of sophisticated systems is an ongoing effort to improve patient compliance and expand the clinical utility of peptide-based drugs.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves formulating the peptide with excipients or encapsulating it within protective carriers, such as liposomes or nanoparticles, to shield it from proteases and harsh physiological environments. For non-parenteral routes, permeation enhancers are often utilized to temporarily increase the permeability of mucosal membranes or the skin, facilitating systemic absorption. Subcutaneous injection, while invasive, remains a primary mechanism, providing direct entry into the systemic circulation and bypassing first-pass metabolism.
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