What is the Origin of Oxidative Damage?

The concept of "Oxidative Damage" is central to the Free Radical Theory of Aging, first proposed in the mid-20th century, which links the cumulative effects of ROS to the aging process and chronic disease. The term derives from the chemical process of "oxidation," the loss of electrons, and "damage," the resulting structural or functional impairment. It serves as a key biomarker and therapeutic target in longevity and preventive medicine.

What is the Mechanism of Oxidative Damage?

The mechanism of Oxidative Damage involves highly reactive free radicals, such as the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical, abstracting electrons from stable biological molecules to achieve stability. This chain reaction propagates cellular injury. The body attempts to mitigate this through endogenous antioxidant enzymes and exogenous compounds, but chronic stress or metabolic dysfunction can overwhelm these defenses. The resulting damage to mitochondrial DNA and membrane lipids is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and age-related hormonal decline.

Oxidative Damage

Meaning

Oxidative Damage refers to the detrimental biochemical process where an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to molecular injury. This cellular stress results in the modification and impairment of essential macromolecules, including DNA, proteins, and lipids, thereby accelerating cellular senescence and contributing to tissue dysfunction. In the endocrine system, this damage can compromise the function of hormone-producing glands and alter receptor sensitivity.