What is the Origin of Orexin System?

The Orexin System was discovered simultaneously in 1998 by two independent research groups, who named the peptides orexins from the Greek word orexis, meaning "appetite," and hypocretins due to their production in the hypothalamus and sequence homology to secretin. The rapid subsequent discovery of its role in sleep-wake cycles established it as a primary target for novel therapeutic agents.

What is the Mechanism of Orexin System?

Orexin neurons project widely throughout the central nervous system, releasing Orexin A and B, which bind to two G-protein coupled receptors, Orexin Receptor 1 (OX1R) and Orexin Receptor 2 (OX2R). Activation of these receptors promotes wakefulness by stimulating monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei, thereby stabilizing the switch between sleep and wake states. The system also interacts with hormonal signals, such as leptin and ghrelin, to link energy expenditure and feeding behavior to the maintenance of alertness.

Orexin System

Meaning

The Orexin System, also known as the Hypocretin System, is a critical neuropeptide signaling pathway originating from a small cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus of the brain. This system is fundamentally responsible for regulating and stabilizing the state of wakefulness, energy balance, and appetite, integrating signals related to circadian rhythm and metabolic status. Orexin peptides, Orexin A and Orexin B, are excitatory neurotransmitters whose deficiency is strongly linked to the neurological disorder narcolepsy, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. The system plays a key, interconnected role in the neuroendocrine control of energy homeostasis and alertness.

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Orexin System

Meaning

Origin

Mechanism

The Neurochemical Blueprint for Unstoppable Drive

The Unseen Drivers of All-Day Drive

Are There Specific Peptides That Target REM Sleep Regulation?

How Do Peptides Influence Sleep Quality for Night Shift Workers?

What Specific Hormonal Biomarkers Are Most Indicative of Sleep Dysregulation?

The Biology of Looking and Feeling Awake

Does Berberine Influence Adrenal Gland Function and Cortisol Production?

How Do Lifestyle Factors like Diet and Sleep Influence the HPG Axis?

What Are the Specific Peptides That Influence Deep Sleep Stages?

What Are the Molecular Mechanisms by Which Sleep Affects Endocrine Balance?

Can Hormonal Imbalances Directly Cause REM Sleep Disturbances?

How Do Peptides Specifically Target Sleep Quality beyond Growth Hormone?

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