Nutrient Absorption Genes are a collection of polymorphic genes whose specific variants dictate the efficiency and capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to uptake and transport essential vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients across the intestinal barrier. Polymorphisms in these genes can lead to suboptimal serum levels of vital micronutrients, even with adequate dietary intake, directly impacting cellular function and hormonal synthesis. Clinical assessment of these genes allows for the precise tailoring of nutrient forms, dosages, and delivery systems to overcome genetically determined absorption inefficiencies. This is a fundamental aspect of nutrigenomic practice.
Origin
The concept is derived from human genetics and nutritional physiology, focusing on the inherited component of intestinal transport mechanisms. The genes are named for their role in Nutrient Absorption and cellular uptake. Key discoveries involved identifying variants in genes coding for specific transport proteins, such as the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) or the transport proteins for B vitamins and iron.
Mechanism
These genes encode a range of proteins, including membrane-bound transporters, intracellular binding proteins, and regulatory factors that control intestinal permeability. For example, a variant in a B vitamin transporter gene might reduce the uptake of that specific vitamin, thereby limiting the co-factor availability for downstream metabolic reactions, such as methylation. By identifying the specific absorption deficit, a clinical translator can recommend high-bioavailability forms of the nutrient to ensure adequate systemic delivery and support optimal endocrine function.
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