Nocturnal Cortisol Suppression refers to the necessary and physiological reduction in the secretion and circulating concentration of cortisol that occurs during the later hours of the night, reaching its lowest point around the middle of the sleep cycle. This suppression is a vital component of the healthy circadian rhythm, permitting the restorative processes of sleep and allowing for the pulsatile release of anabolic hormones like Growth Hormone. A failure to achieve adequate suppression is a clinical indicator of chronic stress or HPA axis dysregulation. Optimal suppression is essential for metabolic and physical recovery.
Origin
This term is a clinical descriptor derived from endocrinology and sleep medicine, specifically referencing the expected pattern of the HPA axis during the sleep phase. The concept of suppression is used because the body actively reduces the production of this stress hormone to facilitate deep, restorative sleep. Measuring this nocturnal nadir is a critical diagnostic tool for assessing sleep-related hormonal health.
Mechanism
The mechanism is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which signals the HPA axis to decrease the release of CRH and ACTH as the night progresses and melatonin levels rise. Melatonin and the sleep state itself exert an inhibitory influence on the adrenal glands, leading to the necessary drop in cortisol. Insufficient suppression can be caused by late-night light exposure, psychological stress, or underlying conditions like Cushing’s syndrome, leading to fragmented sleep and impaired recovery.
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