Neurovascular Unit Function describes the integrated, dynamic working relationship between neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, microglia), and the specialized cells of the cerebral vasculature (endothelial cells, pericytes) that collectively regulate cerebral blood flow and maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Optimal function of this unit is essential for supplying the high metabolic demands of the brain with oxygen and glucose while simultaneously protecting it from circulating toxins and pathogens. Dysfunction in this unit is a hallmark of many neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
Origin
The concept of the ‘neurovascular unit’ emerged from modern neuroscience to emphasize that the brain’s vasculature is not a passive delivery system but an active, integrated component of neural function. It highlights the complex cellular cross-talk necessary for neurovascular coupling, the process where local blood flow is rapidly adjusted to meet the metabolic needs of active neurons. Its integrity is influenced by systemic hormones and inflammatory signals.
Mechanism
When neurons fire, they signal to astrocytes, which in turn signal to the vascular cells, triggering vasodilation to increase blood flow—a process known as functional hyperemia. Pericytes and endothelial cells maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, a critical gatekeeper that controls substance entry into the brain. Hormonal signals, particularly those related to metabolic health and inflammation, can modulate the signaling pathways within this unit, affecting both nutrient delivery and barrier protection.
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