What is the Origin of Neurotrophin Signaling?

The term combines 'neuro-' (relating to nerves or the nervous system) and '-trophin' (from the Greek trophe, meaning nourishment or growth), clearly indicating their function as neuronal growth factors. 'Signaling' refers to the process of transmitting information within and between cells. The discovery of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the mid-20th century established the foundation for understanding this entire class of signaling molecules.

What is the Mechanism of Neurotrophin Signaling?

Neurotrophins, such as NGF and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), exert their effects by binding to two main types of receptors: the high-affinity Trk (Tropomyosin receptor kinase) receptors and the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Binding to Trk receptors typically promotes cell survival and differentiation through activation of intracellular signaling cascades like the MAP kinase pathway. The p75NTR, however, can mediate both cell survival and, under certain conditions, programmed cell death, depending on the cellular context and co-receptor binding.

Neurotrophin Signaling

Meaning

Neurotrophin signaling is a critical cell communication pathway mediated by a family of proteins, the neurotrophins, that regulate the survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. These growth factors are essential for neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and the maintenance of neural circuits throughout life. Dysregulation of this signaling is implicated in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.