What is the Meaning of Neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemical messengers that transmit signals across a chemical synapse from one neuron to another, or to a target effector cell such as a muscle or gland cell. These critical molecules mediate rapid communication within the nervous system, influencing everything from motor control to mood and cognitive processing. Their precise synthesis, release, reuptake, and receptor binding are fundamental to neuroendocrine function. Imbalances can profoundly affect mental performance and systemic regulation.

What is the Origin of Neurotransmitters?

The name is descriptive, combining 'neuron,' the nerve cell, and 'transmitter,' indicating their role in conveying information across a junction. This term replaced earlier concepts of purely electrical synaptic transmission by emphasizing the chemical intermediary.

What is the Mechanism of Neurotransmitters?

Following an action potential arrival at the presynaptic terminal, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft via vesicular fusion, driven by calcium influx. These chemicals then diffuse across the gap to bind with specific ligand-gated ion channels or G-protein coupled receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. This binding alters the membrane potential of the target cell, either exciting or inhibiting its activity, thus completing the signal transduction event.

Neurotransmitters ∞ Area ∞ Library 6

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