The physiological action and influence of steroids that are synthesized de novo within the central and peripheral nervous systems, independent of the classical endocrine glands. These neurosteroids, such as allopregnanolone and DHEA, act locally to modulate neuronal excitability, mood, memory, and stress response. This activity is a critical component of the neuro-endocrine feedback loop and overall brain health.
Origin
The concept emerged in the 1980s when researchers discovered that certain steroid hormones could be produced directly by glial cells and neurons, rather than exclusively by the adrenals or gonads. This discovery established a new paradigm in neuroendocrinology, recognizing the brain’s capacity to regulate its own steroid environment. The term highlights the localized, paracrine, and autocrine function of these compounds.
Mechanism
Neurosteroids function primarily by allosterically modulating ligand-gated ion channels, most notably the GABA-A receptor, which is responsible for inhibitory neurotransmission. This modulation can rapidly alter neuronal excitability, leading to anxiolytic, sedative, or pro-cognitive effects. Their activity provides a fast, non-genomic pathway for steroid hormones to influence central nervous system function, often in concert with classical hormonal signaling.
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