Neuroprotective mechanisms are the endogenous physiological and cellular processes that actively defend neurons and glial cells against injury, degeneration, and pathological stress. These processes include mitigating oxidative stress, reducing chronic neuroinflammation, maintaining mitochondrial function, and promoting synaptic plasticity. The goal is to preserve the structural and functional integrity of the central nervous system throughout the aging process.
Origin
This field of study originated within neuroscience and neurology, focusing initially on acute injury like stroke, but has expanded significantly into chronic neurodegenerative diseases and age-related cognitive decline. The integration into hormonal health recognizes the critical role of hormones and peptides in supporting neuronal resilience. The concept highlights the brain’s innate capacity for self-defense and repair.
Mechanism
Key mechanisms involve the activation of cellular survival pathways, such as the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can directly engage neurotrophic factor signaling, promoting neuronal growth and repair. Furthermore, microglial modulation is essential, shifting these immune cells from a pro-inflammatory state to a neurosupportive, debris-clearing phenotype.
Progesterone therapy, particularly with bioidentical forms, appears neurocognitively safe long-term when initiated timely, though consistent cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals is not definitively established.
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