Neuroprotective Hormone Signaling describes the beneficial, cell-level communication exerted by specific endogenous hormones that actively shield neurons from damage, promote synaptic plasticity, and support the maintenance of overall brain structure and function. Steroid hormones, such as estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, are key players, exerting effects that mitigate oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and stimulate neurogenesis. This signaling is essential for long-term cognitive health and resilience against neurodegenerative processes.
Origin
This term stems from the intersection of endocrinology and neuroscience, a field that has increasingly recognized the brain as a primary target organ for systemic hormones. The concept gained prominence as research elucidated the non-genomic and genomic effects of sex and adrenal hormones on neuronal survival and connectivity. It provides a biological rationale for hormone optimization in the context of cognitive longevity.
Mechanism
Neuroprotective signaling occurs via two primary pathways: binding to intracellular nuclear receptors to alter gene expression, and rapid, non-genomic actions via membrane-bound receptors. These actions lead to the increased production of anti-apoptotic proteins and neurotrophic factors like Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. The mechanism involves direct modulation of cellular stress responses, maintenance of mitochondrial integrity, and enhancement of synaptic function within critical neural circuits.
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