The remarkable ability of the brain and nervous system to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life, allowing it to adapt structurally and functionally in response to experience, learning, or injury. This fundamental biological property is the basis for memory formation, cognitive reserve, and recovery from neurological damage. Hormonal balance is a significant modulator of this adaptive capacity.
Origin
The term is a compound of neuro, referring to the nervous system, and plasticity, derived from the Greek word plastos, meaning “molded.” Although the brain’s ability to change was debated for centuries, the concept of neuroplasticity was firmly established and gained widespread recognition in neuroscience during the late 20th century.
Mechanism
Neuroplasticity operates through several cellular and molecular mechanisms, including synaptic plasticity, where the strength of connections between neurons is modified, and neurogenesis, the creation of new neurons. Neurotrophic factors, such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), are essential mediators of these processes. Hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone directly influence the expression of BDNF and modulate receptor density, thereby supporting the brain’s ability to adapt and maintain cognitive function.
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