The direct and indirect influence that systemic and locally produced hormones exert on the structure, function, and neurochemistry of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This impact encompasses the modulation of neurotransmitter release, dendritic morphology, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival, fundamentally affecting mood, cognition, stress response, and sleep architecture. The brain is a significant target organ for hormones, reflecting the deep integration of the endocrine and nervous systems.
Origin
This concept stems from the field of neuroendocrinology, a discipline that emerged from the recognition that the nervous system and the endocrine system are inextricably linked, forming the neuroendocrine axis. The understanding that hormones like cortisol, thyroid hormone, and sex steroids are not just systemic messengers but also critical neuromodulators has shaped this clinical focus. The term highlights the clinical relevance of hormonal balance for optimal brain health.
Mechanism
Hormones exert their neurological effects through several mechanisms, including binding to nuclear receptors within neurons to alter gene expression and protein synthesis, or by interacting with cell-surface receptors to rapidly modulate ion channel activity and neurotransmitter signaling. For example, estradiol can promote dendritic spine density in the hippocampus, while thyroid hormone is essential for myelin formation and neuronal development. This complex interplay ensures the nervous system adapts appropriately to physiological demands.
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