What is the Origin of Neuroinflammation Cascade?

The term is derived from neuroscience and immunology, reflecting the understanding that the brain, once thought to be "immune privileged," has its own specialized immune response. The concept of a "cascade" emphasizes the self-amplifying nature of this process, where initial insults trigger a series of molecular events that sustain the inflammatory state. Research into neuroinflammation has accelerated rapidly, linking it to various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.

What is the Mechanism of Neuroinflammation Cascade?

The cascade is often initiated by peripheral inflammation or direct CNS insults, which breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or activate CNS-resident microglia. Activated microglia transition to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, releasing neurotoxic factors and reactive oxygen species. These mediators then perpetuate the activation of surrounding glial cells and impair neuronal function, often by disrupting synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial health. The chronic nature of the cascade prevents the necessary resolution and repair phases.

Neuroinflammation Cascade ∞ Area

Neuroinflammation Cascade

Meaning

A sequential and self-perpetuating process of immune activation within the central nervous system (CNS), involving the activation of resident immune cells like microglia and astrocytes. This cascade leads to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, within the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. Unlike acute, beneficial inflammation, a chronic cascade can result in neuronal dysfunction, synaptic pruning, and neurodegeneration. It is a key pathological feature linking systemic inflammation to cognitive and neurological decline.