Neuro-protective hormones are endogenous signaling molecules, primarily steroids like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, that exert beneficial effects on the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems. These hormones mitigate neuronal damage, reduce oxidative stress, promote synaptic plasticity, and support myelin integrity, thereby safeguarding cognitive function and neurological health against age-related decline or injury. Their therapeutic application aims to leverage these inherent restorative properties.
Origin
The recognition of these hormones’ role in the brain emerged from neuroendocrinology research, which demonstrated the presence of steroid receptors in various brain regions beyond those controlling reproduction, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex. The term “neuro-protective” was adopted to describe their direct pharmacological actions on neurons, distinguishing them from their classical endocrine roles. This field highlights the brain as a primary target organ for steroid action.
Mechanism
These hormones function by binding to both nuclear and membrane receptors within neurons and glial cells, influencing gene transcription to increase the expression of anti-apoptotic and pro-survival factors. They also modulate neurotransmitter systems, such as GABA and glutamate, and enhance the production of neurotrophins like BDNF. The mechanism involves complex signaling pathways that stabilize cellular membranes, reduce neuroinflammation, and actively promote the formation of new synapses and neuronal connections.
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