Neuro-inflammation is the specific inflammatory response occurring within the central nervous system, mediated primarily by specialized glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes. While a transient, localized response is necessary for clearing pathogens and cellular debris, chronic or excessive neuro-inflammation contributes significantly to neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This sustained inflammatory state profoundly impacts cognitive function, mood regulation, and the overall neuroendocrine axis.
Origin
The term combines the Greek prefix neuro- (nerve) with the Latin inflammatio (setting on fire). The clinical concept evolved as extensive research demonstrated that the brain is not an “immune-privileged” organ but rather possesses its own complex, dynamic immune surveillance system. This critical recognition linked systemic inflammation, often driven by hormonal dysregulation, directly to brain health and adverse neurological outcomes.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves the chronic activation of resident immune cells, particularly microglia, which release a sustained stream of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. This chronic release disrupts the delicate integrity of the blood-brain barrier and interferes with essential neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Hormonal imbalance, such as chronic high cortisol or low estrogen, can significantly exacerbate neuro-inflammation by modulating the activity of these glial cells and influencing the overall cytokine milieu.
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