The Neuro-Endocrine-Immune System is a comprehensive, integrated conceptual framework recognizing the constant, bidirectional communication and regulatory interplay among the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. This holistic model acknowledges that these three major physiological control systems do not operate in isolation but rather form a unified, highly redundant network essential for maintaining systemic homeostasis and adaptive responses to stress. Dysregulation in one component inevitably impacts the others.
Origin
This sophisticated concept evolved from the specialized fields of neuroendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), which provided the empirical evidence of shared signaling molecules and receptor expression across the three systems. It moved the scientific understanding beyond the traditional, siloed view of physiology to one that emphasizes the inseparable unity of the body’s major regulatory networks.
Mechanism
The communication is facilitated by shared signaling molecules: the nervous system releases neurotransmitters, the endocrine system releases hormones, and the immune system releases cytokines. For instance, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, driven by neural input, releases cortisol, which profoundly modulates immune cell function. Conversely, inflammatory cytokines released by immune cells can signal back to the hypothalamus, altering the set point of the hormonal axes, demonstrating a true feedback loop across all three systems.
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